This guide applies to the Chicago Region and is not complete for other regions.
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Universal veil present as a layer of tissue which is membrane-like, usually leaving a volva (cup at base), or which breaks up into warts (loose material on cap and lower stem), or which is a powdery layer, look carefully. Partial veil present or absent. Grows on ground; most species mycorrhizal with trees.
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Universal veil absent. Stem base may be enlarged but there is no cup or other material at base. Cap smooth or with scales, or powdery. Partial veil present, usually forming a ring. Growing on ground, wood chips, or mulch, in grassy areas or woodlands; decomposers.
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Universal veil present as a layer of slime covering cap and most of stem. Partial veil present sometimes leaving a ring. Grows on ground; it is not clear whether these are decomposers or mycorrhizal.
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All images by Patrick Leacock unless noted.



