This guide applies to the Chicago Region and is not complete for other regions. Disclaimer

Key to Mushroom Genera with Free Gills.
Step 3: Universal Veil Presence

Universal veil present as a layer of tissue which is membrane-like, usually leaving a volva (cup at base), or which breaks up into warts (loose material on cap and lower stem), or which is a powdery layer, look carefully. Partial veil present or absent. Grows on ground; most species mycorrhizal with trees.
Go to Amanita.

Universal veil absent. Stem base may be enlarged but there is no cup or other material at base. Cap smooth or with scales, or powdery. Partial veil present, usually forming a ring. Growing on ground, wood chips, or mulch, in grassy areas or woodlands; decomposers.
Go to Parasol Mushrooms (Lepiota group)

Universal veil present as a layer of slime covering cap and most of stem. Partial veil present sometimes leaving a ring. Grows on ground; it is not clear whether these are decomposers or mycorrhizal.
Go to Limacella.

 

All images by Patrick Leacock unless noted.